To describe it simply, the trap pass is play-action with a pulling lineman. Having a puller sells the run a bit better than standard play-action does, and that helps influence second-level defenders in coverage and slow down the pass rush:
The play often works so well because linebackers think they’re seeing power or counter and respond aggressively to the pulling guard. They get influenced enough to create windows (sometimes huge windows) inside, and that’s where passes off of this run action often target.
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The play also works because edge rushers see the pulling guard and initially expect a run as well. This makes them freeze and/or take their path more inside toward the puller than toward the quarterback, which provides more space and time to throw: